Why do we need a chopping board when cutting up fruit and vegetable?!

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You don't, really. Just get a really sharp knife, throw the fruit or vegetable up in the air, and then whack it sharply (so to speak) with the knife before it hits the floor.

Alternatively, you could cut in on the counter, which A) dulls the blade of the knife, and B) makes slices on your counter top. Plus, isn't the feeling of a cutting board under the knife a lot more satisfying than a hard surface?

In most cases it's because you don't want to damage the counter surface beneath it. And say you have marble or stainless steel counter, the knife would slip a lot.
With a wooden or plastic cutting board the tip of the knife sticks/pokes into the cutting board allowing for it to not move when cutting and therefore makes it easier to cut vegetables.

Experience with cutting boards.
Getting yelled at by my mom for not using a cutting board.

Not damaging the work top is the main reason also the knife slipping is a factor but cutting and chopping on a hard surface does dull the edge of your knife and have you ever tried putting a work top in the dish washer!

So ypou don;t cut the counter for one.

And also becuase it localizes the mess, It's easier to take the cuttong board right to the sink and rinse it off.

Um so you won't leave up a mess on the table
It's easier to clean a board then the whole table
Hygiene, prevent food poisoning
You also won't scratch up your table or whatever you're chopping them on

:)

Counters are not always clean (or at least as clean as a cutting board)

Plates and other hard surfaces can dull a knife (whereas a cutting board is less likely to do so)

So you don't damage the counter